Organisational Culture Jc Penney free essay sample

Do you think JC Penney was legitimized in selecting Mike Ullman, an outcast, as CEO rather than Vanessa Castagna, taking into account that Castagna was instrumental in pivoting JC Penney in the mid 2000s? Before long a while later, Castagna left the organization. What are the advantages and disadvantages of â€Å"bringing in an outsider† and advancing from within†? Examine too the effect of such choices on the confidence of the representatives. JC Penney is a mid range chain of American retail establishments, which was first begun by James Cash Penney 1902, when he was offered a 33% organization in another store with Guy Johnson and Thomas Callahan called The Golden Rule. The store was a dry merchandise and attire store in Kemmerer, Wyoming and from here the chain spread quickly all through the United States changing its name to JC Penney in 1913 when James Penney took a more noteworthy responsibility for chain. At about this time a few accomplices met at Salt Lake City to draft â€Å"The Penney Idea†, a lot of business rules that were to control the business from that point on. We will compose a custom exposition test on Hierarchical Culture Jc Penney or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Wikipedia. com saw ninth September 2007. Throughout the years the chain of the retail establishments kept on developing through a framework where the administrators put value into their stores giving them more authority over what was sold. Subsequently the promoting framework was decentralized while every one of its rivals had a progressively brought together framework permitting them to comprehend what was available at any one time, what was moving and what was not; and to have the option to publicize on a national premise. With the extreme rivalry found in the retail segment in the late 1990s, JC Penney started to discover its place in the market was feeling the squeeze and benefits started to decay. At this stage it made the new arrangements of Allen Questrom as the CEO and Vanessa Castagna as the new COO. Castagna came to JC Penneys with a lot of promoting experience picked up from other retail chain stores. With this experience she helped Questrom pivot JCP by unifying the purchasing framework, diminishing the quantity of lines sold, shutting down non performing outlets and reimaging the lines offered to the customers.This in addition to the selling of some of the company’s different interests left it in a generally excellent monetary position staying away from what resembled conceivable debacle. These progressions carried JCP into line with its rivals and in doing this Castagna indicated phenomenal administration abilities. The offer market additionally affirmed, as can been seen with shares ascending from about $20 when she joined the organization in 1999 to over $40 when she quit in March 2005, as can be seen in Diagram1. Chart 1 http://contributing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/diagrams/outlines. sp? symbol=JCP saw ninth September 2007. Despite the fact that Castagna indicated incredible administration aptitudes she didn't really show the vision or initiative abilities that were important to make JCP the following stride further were it could draw in, train and keep great staff just as present another picture that would energize and pull in new clients and guarantee old clients continued returning. Kotter (1996, pg 25) expressed, â€Å"Management is a lot of procedures that can keep a muddled arrangement of individuals and innovation running smoothly.The most significant parts of the board incorporate arranging, planning, sorting out, staffing, controlling, and critical thinking. Initiative is a lot of procedures that makes associations in any case or adjusts them to fundamentally evolving conditions. Administration characterizes what the future ought to resemble, adjusts individuals to that vision, and moves them to get it going in spite of the obstructions. † When Myron E. Ullman joined JC Penney as Chairman and CEO late in 2004 he found that the organization had kept up an inflexible old world culture that disheartened newcomers and smothered innovative thinking.Morale among representatives was high, however simply because the organization had quite recently maintained a strategic distance from catastrophe and Ullman felt to build assurance and hold quality staff the way of life inside the association needed to change significantly. He had a dream to take the organization to the business initiative level through the â€Å"Long Term Plan† which has been refreshed in the course of the most recent few years and can be summed up as follows: Annual Report (2006, Pg 4) †¢Develop solid suffering associations with clients †¢Inspire clients with our product and administrations †¢Being the favored decision for a retail vocation Establish JCP as the development chief in the retail business Unlike Castagna, Ullman has shown high intellectual authority capacities permitting him to see the hidden issues inside JCP and follow up on them with creative thoughts. Of the five factors that make up Cognitive Intelligence, he shows significant levels in every one of them. †¢Experienced in retail industry. Accumulated data about JCP before acting †¢Creativity was appeared through in scope of social change activities †¢Recognised when individuals are locked in with work they relate better to clients †¢Showed farsightedness through the â€Å"Long Term Plan† Putting 164 hrs into Retail Academy indicated receptiveness Ullman has demonstrated that he is Strategic Leader as appeared by Daft (2005, Pg 510-53). †¢His Mission was basic and it was to take the organization to the Industry Leadership Level. This gave the association something to focus on for the future, built up a standard of greatness and it reflected high beliefs. †¢The Mission is as the â€Å"Long Term Plan†. It characterizes the JCP’s character, guiding principle, remains generally steady over a multi year time span and gives a premise to making the Mission. The procedure plan is the social change activities that were required to manufacture a client centered culture. Tragically Castagna left her situation as the COO just a few months after Ullman started in his job, as together, while thinking about their capacities, they would have made an awesome group. Anyway considering the administration aptitudes and capacities that Ullman brought to JCP, it was a bet that merited the hazard that the board took. Stone (2005, pg 192) records the accompanying points of interest and burdens of advancing from inside or outside an association: From OutsideAdvantages †¢Pool of Talent is greater †¢New experiences, abilities and skill can be brought into the association †¢It is now and then less expensive and simpler recruit workers †¢Outside representatives are not individuals from existing inner circles Disadvantages †¢Attracting and choosing new workers is progressively troublesome †¢New worker modification and direction takes longer †¢Morale may endure among existing representatives who have been ignored †¢Incumbentâ€⠄¢s execution or character is underneath what was normal or is adequate From WithinAdvantages †¢Have information on candidate’s qualities and shortcomings †¢Candidate definitely knows the association †¢Employee spirit and inspiration are improved †¢Return on interest in preparing and advancement is upgraded †¢Can produce a progression of advancements †¢Organisation needs to enlist just section level competitors Disadvantages †¢Employees may advanced past their degree of capability †¢Employee infighting for advancements can influence assurance †¢Inbreeding can smother imagination and development †¢System can become bureaucratic Excellent preparing and advancement programs become vital One would possibly picture the effect on resolve when the head on an association was sourced from outside the gathering and afterward to discover the COO, whom it was generally expected to have taken on this job, to offer her renunciation and leav e. The mind-set at JCP which was very high in view of the ongoing pivot in budgetary fortunes would dispersed rapidly. Anyway the low spirit that had come about would have pivoted once the social activities that were actualized begun demonstrating beneficial outcomes. A few examiners consider that culture change is driven from the top, while, others state that the framework drives change, not top administration. Give your remarks with reasons. DuBrin, Dalglish and Miller (2006, Pg. 429-30) characterize authoritative culture, in three segments: †¢The Artifact Level This incorporates the physical format of the premises, the wording, the signs, ceremonies and accounts of the association. On account of JC Penney, this would incorporate such things as the desire to consistently dress officially, the prohibition on embellishing and customizing work spaces and the tending to of administrators in a conventional way. The Value Level This is the individual’s feeling of what should be, as particular from what may be. These are proclamations made about the association, what it does, and how it does it, which mirror the way of life. The Penney Idea is a case of this, the record embracing esteems, for example, being pleasant, moral authority, frugality and the requirement for representatives to behave with a specific goal in mind both at work and at home. †¢The Underlying Set of Assumptions These presumptions create whe n esteems become so dug in they are underestimated and are thought to be unchangeable. In the wake of being in presence for more than one hundred years JCP had dug in values that would take coordinated endeavors to change. DuBrin, Dalglish and Miller (2006, Pg. 430) likewise recognize four manners by which the authoritative culture can be affected: †¢The convictions and estimations of the associations originator. James C Penney purchased his first shop in quite a while, the CEO until 1917 and stayed as the Chairman of the Board until 1946 and after that as the Honorary Chairman until his passing in 1971, Wikipedia. com saw ninth September 2007.With this long association and the association bearing his name it is anything but difficult to un

Symbols and Symbolism in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner :: Rime

Mystery Hunt 2006 announced

Mystery Hunt 2006 announced Earlier this evening, I received the official email announcing Mystery Hunt 2006. What is Mystery Hunt? Mystery Hunt is one of IAPs most exciting activities. In short, the Hunt is a weekend long competition at MIT where students and others team up to solve lots of puzzles, with the ultimate goal of finding a coin hidden somewhere on campus. For a more in-depth description, you should check out these longer articles from the Boston Globe and Games Magazine. Anyway, heres the email: Date: Tue, 15 Nov 2005 18:07:33 -0500 From: 2006 MIT Mystery Hunt To: [emailprotected] Subject: 2006 MIT Mystery Hunt Hi everyone, It's almost IAP -- time to start thinking about Mystery Hunt. The 2006 MIT Mystery Hunt will begin at 12:17 pm on Friday, January 13, 2006. Team registration is now open. Like in the last two years, we are handling the job of assigning rooms for team headquarters. Accordingly, Schedules will not entertain requests for rooms for Hunt; teams that want classroom space will need to reserve rooms through us. If your team wants to reserve a room (or more) through the official registration system, you MUST REGISTER BY DECEMBER 15. If you do not want a room, we strongly encourage you to register by then anyway, but will accept reservations up until Hunt itself, or later. THE EARLIER YOU REGISTER, THE BETTER. If your team has already registered, we still need your room preferences (if you want a room). To see the list of available rooms, go to http://mit.edu/puzzle/www/rooms2-06.html. To read about the registration system, go to http://mit.edu/puzzle/www/rooms-06.html. To register, go to http://mit.edu/puzzle/www/mailto.html. If you have any questions, please email us at [emailprotected] Thanks very much. Roger Ford for [emailprotected] Let me show you some pictures from my team in last years Mystery Hunt The Hunt kicks off in MITs Lobby 7 at 12 noon, the Friday before Martin Luther King Day, every IAP. A bit before noon, a large crowd began to gather This year, we gathered not only for a kickoff speech (announcing the theme: Normalville), but also for a giant kickoff puzzle! Construction paper meteorites rained down from above, containing a message Back at team Lost in Space Waffle headquarters we came together to start solving the puzzles because had a wall full of unsolved puzzles to work through. Of course, we also solved many puzzles (my quickest solve: Take Me Out). Our map of Normalville kept the team up-to-date on our progress. This years winning team comes from the Random Hall dormitory. And what do they receive for their victory? The honor and privilege of writing Mystery Hunt 2006, of course =) 59 days and counting until Mystery Hunt! Post Tagged #Mystery Hunt

Masculine Bravado in Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar...

What is it to be a man? Masculinity is defined and characterized differently across cultures and time – there is no â€Å"global† standard. In some cultures, being a man may mean being comfortable with both your masculine and feminine sides or it could suggest being â€Å"tough† and not letting your feelings show at all. Manliness can be demonstrated in some cultures by providing for a family through work, and in others, it might mean scoring the winning goal in a championship game. It is not an easy thing to define an entire gender based on the arbitrary set of ever-changing social and cultural norms, but somehow- it still happens. Trying to define one’s own masculinity and live up to its standards is a tough and grueling task that many men†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, with both in the sales industry, it’s easy for them to turn on that charismatic charm and sell not only their ideals, but â€Å"themselves in the form of their winnin g personalities† (Cardullo 29). Stanley Kowalski is the typical hyper-masculine example of a man in the late 1940’s to early 1950’s. He is described by his sister-in-law as an â€Å"ape† (Williams 121), he is abusive towards his wife, and he is the breadwinner of the family- he literally brings home the meat and throws it at his wife to catch and cook. Masculinity itself is not a character flaw, but when expressed with such ferocity it can become a crutch and unflattering. Stanley displays his manliness in several different ways throughout the play, something that the author Tennessee Williams did on purpose to reflect on the societal norms of the time and to do so in a questioning manner. The manliness that Stanley has is not one that is kept tamed and unleashed in appropriate moments, but is a type that is constantly wanting people to know that he is â€Å"the king† (Williams 138) of his home and family. By asserting his dominance, Stanley is show ing how masculinity can be a force that drives one to do absurd things in order to keep up a faà §ade. Willy Loman’s disposition is not as boisterous as Streetcar’s anti-hero, Stanley, but is instead more internal and self-reflective. His views of masculinity arise from the

Social Justice Issues - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1195 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Social Justice Essay Did you like this example? Anyone may say that the force is unfair and unjust. Yet, who is actually ready to accept the consequences for going against the unjust law? Is breaking the law worth the penalty? The government is the one to determine whether the law is fair but what if the people think its not? should we protest the force? Civil rights leader like Henry David Thoreau, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King Jr. represented very different philosophies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Justice Issues" essay for you Create order Thoreau and King shared the same civil disobedience ideology. King Look forward to the time when blacks and whites would sit down together at the table of brotherhood words taken from his I Have a Dream speech made in Washington in 1963. Malcolm X was interested So I cite these various revolutions, brothers, and sisters to show you that you dont have a peaceful revolution (552). They differed on the use of violence to achieve their goals and they differed on the roles of whites in the civil rights movement. On the Duty of Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau was the way of educating people on why they should not go for the ideal regime. Thoreaus job in this message that it constitutes our responsibility to put off the inadequate administration, as said by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence insisted that it is our duty to throw off an unsatisfactory government. The reading talks about Thoreaus polar viewpoint towards unjust authorities. On the Duty of Civil Disobedience touches about why people of why people choose not to do anything about a government they are unhappy with. The reading is an excellent way or educating people on they should not settle for a less than perfect government. Henry David Thoreau outlines a utopian society in which each individual would be responsible for governing himself. His opposition to a centralized government is an effort to disassociate with the American government, which at the time were supporting slavery and unjustly invading Me xico. Thoreau argues that individual should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Message in the Grassroots is a speech which was written to persuade the black people of America to put their differences aside and unite against the American racist hypocritical culture and defend themselves, so they can stay in America by forming a black nation. Evidence of this is when he states, forget our differences and come together and, he calls the black people the same family, he then says that they need to defend our own people right here in this country. This shows that Malcolm X has a strong opinion that the black people need to stick together and have a united front in front of the oppressing white man. However, the whole speech is very emotive and touching and creates great imagery. The Message to Grassroots, by Malcolm X, g Initially it was the verify he was a black man and he was Muslim, but more so than that he was a part of American History, Black History. After reading his speech he could be viewed as an Anti- Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In making this statement, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., former a movement for the betterment and equal and/or civil rights for Blacks, and then for the rest for the rest of the nation. However, Malcolm X saw this plight as cowardice and a sure recipe of disaster. In the speech, Message to Grassroots, X makes the point that a revolution is an event the takes place with bloodshed. It is not possible for a nation of any kind to fight for rights or revolution without bloodshed, so in this instinct, the non-violence social movement held no residence in really changing the treatment of blacks in America, based on X speech. In the opening of the speech makes a case that now is a call for action, when X states: We all agree tonight; all of the speakers have agreed that American has a serious problem. Not only does American have a very serious problem, but our people have a very serious problem. The message being sent grabs the attention of the audience immediately due to the word order. The consistency use of the word problem gets the audience engaged wondering what the problem at hand is, it opens or alert the persuades that it is more to come that would be a new uh huh moment. Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. had a common purpose for African Americans; justice and equality. Illustrated through their speeches and letters, Malcolm Xs Message to the Grass Roots and Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail. The two did not share techniques or ideas. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote Letter from Birmingham Jail in order to address the biggest issue in Birmingham and the United States at the time. The Letter from Birmingham Jail discusses the great injustices happening toward the black community in Birmingham. In order to justify his desire for radical justice and equality, King uses ethical appeals. Although not being from Birmingham he said he need to be there because of the many injustices whites do toward black people. Martin Luther King Jr.s Justification on defying unjust laws is talked about in his letter and how King cites conscience as a guide to obeying just laws and defying unjust laws, in the same way, Thoreau wrote in On the Duty of Civil Disobedience. Apart from Kings added religious beliefs, Thoreau and King shared the same ideas concerning civil disobedience and the way in which one should deal with just and unjust laws, although they demonstrated their viewpoints indifferent. Social justice is defined as justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society. Social justice has always been an engaging topic, there so much history that goes with it. Hearing those two words I automatically think to get as close to equal in the given situation. In American society, there is a big sense of individualism and focusing on what makes us happy and just focusing on ourselves for the most part. Although self-care is not a problem I believe that people should be more willing to speak more on social injustices. If you have a voice you should use it because no one wants to fight a battle alone. I believe speaking about problems is the only way to resolve them instead of tossing them under the rug. We allow too much to go undiscussed. We live in a society in which people desensitize themselves to atrocities going on in the world if they are not personally affected. By living in the United States, we have been given resources such as the internet and social media to spread awareness of situations going on in other countries and even in the United States to be a voice for the people who are not allowed or are too afraid to speak up. With all tools and internet outlets given to us, we could definitely start using those for change.

Critical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy

Eng 432 Outline Critical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy I. Introduction: 1. Introducing what is going to be discussed in the paper (analysis of Arms and the Boy , its relation to one of Owens poem). 2. Thesis Statement : Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy can be discussed to represent the horror of war. II. Body: 1. Owen was a soldier and a modern poet who was known as anti-war poet. A. A summary of Owens poetry in general . B. His representation of the horror of war in his poems. 2. Arms and the Boy is about an inexperienced young soldier who went to war. 3. Analysis of the poem. A. Analysis of the first stanza. B. Analysis of the second stanza. C. Analysis of the third stanza. 4. Poetic techniques that are used†¦show more content†¦These bullets are sharp and can cut as the torment of the grief and death. In the last stanza, the speaker is talking about the boys teeth, who is happy, as they are for eating an apple. However, these teeth are not weapons and he has no claws underneath his fingers. Also, God would not give him talons at heels and antlers which mean that God would not help him. So, the speaker says here that this boy is not like animals which have talons and antlers to help them kill their prey and in fighting with other animals. This stanza perhaps is showing that God is against wars and wars are a man-made catastrophe. If God wanted the soldiers to be homicidal, He would give them claws, talons, or antlers. Let the boy try along this bayoLet the boy try along this bayonet-blade Owen used, in this poem, an alliteration to add emphasis to the poem and the image it presents. The phrases like bayonet-blade, blind, blunt bullet and famishing for flesh have alliterations of the letter b and f which create an effect on the ears. The letter b is pronounced harshly to emphasize the cruelty of these weapons which is used to kill. Also, the letter f is pronounced harshly, but it is used to emphasize the heartlessness and inhumanity of having such thoughts by the boy. These alliterations give greater significant in regard to the exact image. Also, there is a use ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Comparison of World War I Poetry2088 Words   |  9 Pagesfundamental ideas and values towards our society. In this essay, I will discuss the issue of the War Poetry during the Great War along with comparing and contrasting two talented renowned poets; Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) and Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967). We tend to focus on the definition of War Poetry as poems that concentrated on the subject of war, which are written during a war that seems to have a noticeable influence on the poet . The crucial focus here is one war in particular: namely the First

Criticacal Thinking and Problem Solving Decision Making

Question: Describe about the Criticacal Thinking and Problem Solving for Decision Making. Answer: As a social work student, throughout this session, I have learned to appreciate the peaceful, yet exhilarating moment when dealing with various cases of social problems. Since I was a young boy, I had the passion of becoming a community counsellor and at the same time serve as a community resource mobilizer. To achieve these, I needed to have excellent critical thinking and problem solving skills. However, towards the end of my high school, I almost gave up on my pursuit of this career path as most of my friends had discouraged me that critical thinking was a very difficult and complicated field and that those who pursued this course in most cases ended up being hard liners as they argued on every issue. Nonetheless, my studies in critical thinking and problem solving this session have left me with a completely different notion about this field. My lecturer, Dr Angelina Zubac has proved to be a very resourceful person. I have always been a thinker, but all along the session, my critical analysis skills have greatly been sharpened. Through the study of Prospect Theory, I learned how to choose between two alternative risky situations where I learned that when presented with two situations that are risky in nature, I should choose the one that will give me more benefits in terms of financial gain or that situation that will save me from incurring losses (Boyd Fales, 1983). Moreover, I studied another theory that can help me in problem solving whenever faced by a difficult situation; Expected Utility Theory, which I learned that it is premised on the assumption that when faced with a situation that has an uncertain outcome; I should focus on a solution that at the end will satisfy my need (Langer Colton, 1994). Through a workshop organised in week 2 of my study, I had a chance to listen to several problems and to taste my problem solving and critical thinking skills. I was involved in a dialogue with Susan, one of my group members. Through the dialogue, I was able to observe how she presented her issues and gave my views. This I had learned was a process to help enhance my critical thinking skills through listening to and analysing other peoples issues. To retain the information I had acquired during presentations, I recorded all the activities including dialogue and presentations using my smartphone. Furthermore, to enhance my critical thinking skills, I read on-line materials such as essays, research papers, publications and proposals by various world known authors on critical thinking such as Plato. For instance, Platos writing on the Allegory of the Cave was really fascinating and sharpened my analysis of situations from a critical point of view (Kennison, 2006). I discovered that to be a good decision maker, I have to compromise as this will enable me achieve the objective of either the organisation or management. In whatever decision I make, I ought to ensure that there is no conflict with other peoples decision and to achieve this, I must always strike a compromise (Frederick, 2005). Moreover, there must be rationality in my decisions. Oral presentations and debates enhanced my communication skills and reduced the anxiety I have always had during presentations. I learned that a good decision maker ought to embrace high self-efficacy skills such as being courageous, active, competent and optimistic. It also entails having high self-esteem and employing the use of high social integration skills (Paternoster Pogarsky, 2009). These skills were further sharpened through practical learning experiences such as debating, presentations in workshops and in the classroom. Through watching videos, my decision making skills were further enhanced. I have always assumed the responsibility of leadership throughout all stages of my study. For instance, I served as a class prefect and school captain respectively at primary school and secondary school. When I joined the university, I really had the desire to continue and to advance this passion. It was therefore my goal to serve as a student leader at the university. To achieve this goal, I needed to acquire good leadership skills which I have learned requires good decision making and critical thinking skill (Lipman, 1987). This was surely the right class session for me. Despite the constraints I faced such as a tight work schedule, anxiety during class presentations and during debates and lack of a smart phone, I managed to acquire the skills. Through help from my family, I was able to afford a smart phone which I used to record presentations for future review and to access online learning information on decision making and critical thinking skills. The session has really been of help to me as my leadership skills have been enhanced. I learned that a good leader ought to possess decision making skills such as influencing and persuading skills, appreciating other peoples views, how to agree and disagree amicably and how to present my views (Profetto-McGrath, 2005). Today using the acquired skills, I can gladly vie for the leadership position. The leadership skills acquired are not only of great help in my university student leadership position but will also help me in my community service and in my future life leadership roles. Based on the knowledge I have I acquired I believe I am ready to take up my roles as a community mobilizer and as a social worker since my decision making and critical thinking skills have been sharpened. By taking up these roles, my skills will be sharpened even more as I will have a chance to exercise my learned skills and to face on-field challenges and devise ways to overcome the challenges. My passion in decision making having been awakened and will see me read further on similar topics to expand my knowledge beyond limits. Furthermore, having acquired leadership skills throughout the session, I believe I am ready to take up leadership responsibilities at the university and later even try the field of leadership at the national level. References Langer, G. M., Colton, A. B. (1994). Reflective Decision Making: The Cornerstone of School Reform. Journal of Staff Development, 15(1), 2-7. Boud, D. (2001). Using journal writing to enhance reflective practice. New directions for adult and continuing education, 2001(90), 9-18. Frederick, S. (2005). Cognitive reflection and decision making. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(4), 25-42. Paternoster, R., Pogarsky, G. (2009). Rational choice, agency and thoughtfully reflective decision making: The short and long-term consequences of making good choices. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25(2), 103-127. Lipman, M. (1987). Critical thinking: What can it be?. Analytic Teaching, 8(1). Profetto-McGrath, J. (2005). Critical thinking and evidence-based practice. Journal of Professional Nursing, 21(6), 364-371. Kennison, M. M. (2006). The evaluation of students' reflective writing for evidence of critical thinking. Nursing Education Perspectives, 27(5), 269-273. Boyd, E. M., Fales, A. W. (1983). Reflective learning key to learning from experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 23(2), 99-117.